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3-2 CORS跨域请求的限制与解决
跨域请求限制
普通跨域请求
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                        第3章 HTTP 各种特性总览
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                <h3 id="3-1-认识-http-客户端"><a class="header-anchor" href="#3-1-认识-http-客户端"></a>3-1 认识 HTTP 客户端</h3>
<h3 id="3-2-cors跨域请求的限制与解决"><a class="header-anchor" href="#3-2-cors跨域请求的限制与解决"></a>3-2 CORS跨域请求的限制与解决</h3>
<h4 id="跨域请求限制"><a class="header-anchor" href="#跨域请求限制"></a>跨域请求限制</h4>
<h5 id="普通跨域请求"><a class="header-anchor" href="#普通跨域请求"></a>普通跨域请求</h5>
<pre><code class="language-html">&lt;script&gt;
    var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
    xhr.open('GET', 'http://127.0.0.1:8887/')
    xhr.send()
&lt;/script&gt;
</code></pre>
<a id="more"></a>
<h5 id="标签跨域请求"><a class="header-anchor" href="#标签跨域请求"></a>标签跨域请求</h5>
<pre><code class="language-html">&lt;script src=&quot;http://127.0.0.1:8887/&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
</code></pre>
<h4 id="解决方法一"><a class="header-anchor" href="#解决方法一"></a>解决方法一</h4>
<p>普通跨域请求必须在被跨域方设置跨域头</p>
<p><code>'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*'</code>：<code>*</code>号表示所有域名都可以请求该资源</p>
<pre><code class="language-javascript">response.writeHead(200, {
        'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': 'http://127.0.0.1:8888'
    })
</code></pre>
<h4 id="解决方法二"><a class="header-anchor" href="#解决方法二"></a>解决方法二</h4>
<p>使用 <code>link</code>、<code>img</code>、<code>script</code>标签做跨域请求的时候无需设置跨域头。因为<code>link</code>、<code>img</code>、<code>script</code>标签在标签上写路径加载一些内容的时候，浏览器是允许跨域的，浏览器并不在乎服务器是否设置了跨域的头。</p>
<h4 id="完整代码"><a class="header-anchor" href="#完整代码"></a>完整代码</h4>
<pre><code class="language-javascript">// file : server.js
const http = require('http')
const fs = require('fs')

http.createServer(function (request, response) {
    console.log('request come', request.url)

    const html = fs.readFileSync('test.html', 'utf8')
    response.writeHead(200, {
        'Content-Type': 'text/html'
    })
    
    response.end(html)

}).listen(8888)

console.log('server is listening on 8888')
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-javascript">// file : server2.js
const http = require('http')

http.createServer(function (request, response) {
    console.log('request come', request.url)

    response.writeHead(200, {
        'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': 'http://127.0.0.1:8888'
    })
    response.end('This is my second web server!')

}).listen(8887)

console.log('server is listening on 8888')
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-html">&lt;!-- file : test.html --&gt;
&lt;!DOCTYPE &lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; /&gt;
    &lt;meta http-equiv=&quot;X-UA-Compatible&quot; content=&quot;IE=edge&quot;&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;Document&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1&quot;&gt;
    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; type=&quot;text/css&quot; media=&quot;screen&quot; href=&quot;main.css&quot; /&gt;
    &lt;script src=&quot;main.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;

&lt;body&gt;
    &lt;h1&gt;This is server1.&lt;/h1&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;This is server1.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;!-- 普通跨域请求 --&gt;
&lt;script&gt;
    var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
    xhr.open('GET', 'http://127.0.0.1:8887/')
    xhr.send()
&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;!-- 使用 script 标签请求跨域 --&gt;
&lt;!-- &lt;script src=&quot;http://127.0.0.1:8887/&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt; --&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;
</code></pre>
<h3 id="3-3-cors跨域限制以及预请求验证"><a class="header-anchor" href="#3-3-cors跨域限制以及预请求验证"></a>3-3 CORS跨域限制以及预请求验证</h3>
<p>上一节讲了使用<code>Access-Control-Allow-Origin</code>来允许服务之间跨服务请求数据。那么是否所有情况都可以通过设置这个头来完成跨域的操作呢？并不是如此。</p>
<h4 id="cors预请求"><a class="header-anchor" href="#cors预请求"></a>CORS预请求</h4>
<ol>
<li>
<p>允许的方法，使用这三个方法时不需要使用预请求做验证</p>
<ul>
<li>GET</li>
<li>HEAD</li>
<li>POST</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>允许Content-Type，使用这三种方式时不需要使用预请求做验证</p>
<ul>
<li>text/plain</li>
<li>multipart/form-data</li>
<li>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>其他限制</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>请求头限制</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>XMLHttpRequestUpload 对象均没有注册任何事件监听器</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>请求中没有使用 ReadableStream 对象</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#cors-safelisted-request-header" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fetch 官方文档</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="预请求验证"><a class="header-anchor" href="#预请求验证"></a>预请求验证</h4>
<pre><code class="language-javascript">response.writeHead(200, {
        'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': 'http://127.0.0.1:8888',
        
        // 允许的请求头
        'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'X-Test-Cors',

        // 允许的请求方法
        'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'POST, PUT, Delete',

        // 允许的最长请求时间，该时间段内可以免预请求验证
        'Access-Control-Max-Age': '3'
    })
</code></pre>
<h4 id="完整代码"><a class="header-anchor" href="#完整代码"></a>完整代码</h4>
<pre><code class="language-javascript">// file : server.js
const http = require('http')
const fs = require('fs')

http.createServer(function (request, response) {
    console.log('request come', request.url)

    const html = fs.readFileSync('test.html', 'utf8')
    response.writeHead(200, {
        'Content-Type': 'text/html'
    })
    
    response.end(html)

}).listen(8888)

console.log('server is listening on 8888')

</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-javascript">// file : server2.js
const http = require('http')

http.createServer(function (request, response) {
    console.log('request come', request.url)

    response.writeHead(200, {
        'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': 'http://127.0.0.1:8888',
        
        // 允许的请求头
        'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'X-Test-Cors',

        // 允许的请求方法
        'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'POST, PUT, Delete',

        // 允许的最长请求时间，该时间段内可以免预请求验证
        'Access-Control-Max-Age': '3'
    })
    response.end('This is my second web server!')

}).listen(8887)

console.log('server is listening on 8888')

</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-html">&lt;!-- file : test.html --&gt;
&lt;!DOCTYPE &lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; /&gt;
    &lt;meta http-equiv=&quot;X-UA-Compatible&quot; content=&quot;IE=edge&quot;&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;Document&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1&quot;&gt;
    &lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; type=&quot;text/css&quot; media=&quot;screen&quot; href=&quot;main.css&quot; /&gt;
    &lt;script src=&quot;main.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;

&lt;body&gt;
    &lt;h1&gt;This is server1.&lt;/h1&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;This is server1.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;!-- 普通跨域请求 --&gt;
&lt;script&gt;
    fetch('http://127.0.0.1:8887/', {
        method: 'PUT',
        headers: {
            'X-Test-Cors': '123'
        }
    })
&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;!-- 使用 script 标签请求跨域 --&gt;
&lt;!-- &lt;script src=&quot;http://127.0.0.1:8887/&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt; --&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;
</code></pre>
<h3 id="3-4-缓存头cache-control的含义和使用"><a class="header-anchor" href="#3-4-缓存头cache-control的含义和使用"></a>3-4 缓存头Cache-Control的含义和使用</h3>
<h4 id="可缓存性"><a class="header-anchor" href="#可缓存性"></a>可缓存性</h4>
<ul>
<li>public：http 经过的任何地方都可以执行缓存</li>
<li>private：只有发起请求的浏览器才能执行缓存</li>
<li>no-cache：任何节点都不可以执行缓存，每次进行缓存前都需要去服务器验证一下，如果服务器返回的结果告诉你，你可以执行缓存，才能执行</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="到期"><a class="header-anchor" href="#到期"></a>到期</h4>
<ul>
<li>max-age=<seconds></li>
<li>s-maxage=<seconds>：只在代理服务器中生效</li>
<li>max-stale=<seconds></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="重新验证"><a class="header-anchor" href="#重新验证"></a>重新验证</h4>
<ul>
<li>must-revalidate</li>
<li>proxy-realidate</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="其他"><a class="header-anchor" href="#其他"></a>其他</h4>
<ul>
<li>no-store：本地和代理服务器都不可以使用缓存</li>
<li>no-transform：告诉代理服务器不要随便改动返回的内容</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>这些头只是一个声明性的作用，没有任何强制的约束力</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="3-5-缓存验证last-modified和etag的使用"><a class="header-anchor" href="#3-5-缓存验证last-modified和etag的使用"></a>3-5 缓存验证Last-Modified和Etag的使用</h3>
<p><img src="https://klause-blog-pictures.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2019-05-14-143800.jpg" alt="image-20181114142938831"></p>
<h4 id="last-modified"><a class="header-anchor" href="#last-modified"></a>Last-Modified</h4>
<p>上次修改时间</p>
<p>配合 If-Modified-Since 或者 If-Unmodified-Since 使用</p>
<h4 id="etag"><a class="header-anchor" href="#etag"></a>Etag</h4>
<p>数据签名</p>
<p>配合 If-Match 或者 If-Non-Match 使用，对比资源的签名判断是否使用缓存</p>
<h3 id="3-6-cookie和session"><a class="header-anchor" href="#3-6-cookie和session"></a>3-6 cookie和session</h3>
<h4 id="cookie"><a class="header-anchor" href="#cookie"></a>Cookie</h4>
<p>通过 Set-Cookie 设置，下次请求会自动带上，键值对，可以设置多个</p>
<h5 id="cookie-属性"><a class="header-anchor" href="#cookie-属性"></a>cookie 属性</h5>
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<h3 id="3-7-http长连接"><a class="header-anchor" href="#3-7-http长连接"></a>3-7 HTTP长连接</h3>
<p>HTTP 请求是在 TCP 连接上发送的，一个 TCP 连接可以发送多个 HTTP 请求，但是在 HTTP1.1 里面，HTTP 求情在 TCP 连接里发送是有先后顺序的，所以为了提高性能还是得使用并发 TCP 连接的方式。但是在 HTTP2里面，因为可以在一个 TCP 连接里面并发 HTTP 请求，所以只开一个 TCP连接就够了。</p>
<h3 id="3-8-数据协商"><a class="header-anchor" href="#3-8-数据协商"></a>3-8 数据协商</h3>
<h4 id="分类"><a class="header-anchor" href="#分类"></a>分类</h4>
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<li>Accept-Encoding：指定数据编码格式，主要是为了限制服务端选择数据压缩的方式</li>
<li>Accept-Language：指定返回内容的语言</li>
<li>User-Agent：表示浏览器的相关信息</li>
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<h3 id="3-10-csp"><a class="header-anchor" href="#3-10-csp"></a>3-10 CSP</h3>
<p>Content-Security-Policy：内容安全策略</p>
<h4 id="作用"><a class="header-anchor" href="#作用"></a>作用</h4>
<p>让我们可以很好的控制网页中可能会出现的不安全的内容引用时，我们可以主动的把这些不安全的东西屏蔽掉。</p>
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                            4-1 Nginx 安装和基础代理配置

反向代理
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